Crowdsourcing the creation of image segmentation algorithms for connectomics
Identifieur interne : 002F72 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002F71; suivant : 002F73Crowdsourcing the creation of image segmentation algorithms for connectomics
Auteurs : Ignacio Arganda-Carreras [France] ; Srinivas C. Turaga [États-Unis] ; Daniel R. Berger [États-Unis] ; Dan Cire An [Suisse] ; Alessandro Giusti [Suisse] ; Luca M. Gambardella [Suisse] ; Jürgen Schmidhuber [Suisse] ; Dmitry Laptev [Suisse] ; Sarvesh Dwivedi [Suisse] ; Joachim M. Buhmann [Suisse] ; Ting Liu [États-Unis] ; Mojtaba Seyedhosseini [États-Unis] ; Tolga Tasdizen [États-Unis] ; Lee Kamentsky [États-Unis] ; Radim Burget [République tchèque] ; Vaclav Uher [République tchèque] ; Xiao Tan [Australie] ; Changming Sun [Australie] ; Tuan D. Pham [Suède] ; Erhan Bas [États-Unis] ; Mustafa G. Uzunbas [États-Unis] ; Albert Cardona [États-Unis] ; Johannes Schindelin [États-Unis] ; H. Sebastian Seung [États-Unis]Source :
- Frontiers in Neuroanatomy [ 1662-5129 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
To stimulate progress in automating the reconstruction of neural circuits, we organized the first international challenge on 2D segmentation of electron microscopic (EM) images of the brain. Participants submitted boundary maps predicted for a test set of images, and were scored based on their agreement with a consensus of human expert annotations. The winning team had no prior experience with EM images, and employed a convolutional network. This “deep learning” approach has since become accepted as a standard for segmentation of EM images. The challenge has continued to accept submissions, and the best so far has resulted from cooperation between two teams. The challenge has probably saturated, as algorithms cannot progress beyond limits set by ambiguities inherent in 2D scoring and the size of the test dataset. Retrospective evaluation of the challenge scoring system reveals that it was not sufficiently robust to variations in the widths of neurite borders. We propose a solution to this problem, which should be useful for a future 3D segmentation challenge.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00142
PubMed: 26594156
PubMed Central: 4633678
Affiliations:
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University of Technology</institution><country>Brno, Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uher, Vaclav" sort="Uher, Vaclav" uniqKey="Uher V" first="Vaclav" last="Uher">Vaclav Uher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology</institution><country>Brno, Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Xiao" sort="Tan, Xiao" uniqKey="Tan X" first="Xiao" last="Tan">Xiao Tan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Changming" sort="Sun, Changming" uniqKey="Sun C" first="Changming" last="Sun">Changming Sun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Digital Productivity Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</institution><country>North Ryde, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pham, Tuan D" sort="Pham, Tuan D" uniqKey="Pham T" first="Tuan D." last="Pham">Tuan D. Pham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Institute of Technology, Linkoping University</institution><country>Linkoping, Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bas, Erhan" sort="Bas, Erhan" uniqKey="Bas E" first="Erhan" last="Bas">Erhan Bas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus</institution><country>Ashburn, VA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" sort="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" uniqKey="Uzunbas M" first="Mustafa G." last="Uzunbas">Mustafa G. 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Sebastian" last="Seung">H. Sebastian Seung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Computer Science Department, Princeton University</institution><country>Princeton, NJ, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26594156</idno><idno type="pmc">4633678</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633678</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4633678</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fnana.2015.00142</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001086</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001086</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002752</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002752</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002683</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002683</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002683</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002683</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002F73</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">002F72</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">002F72</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Crowdsourcing the creation of image segmentation algorithms for connectomics</title><author><name sortKey="Arganda Carreras, Ignacio" sort="Arganda Carreras, Ignacio" uniqKey="Arganda Carreras I" first="Ignacio" last="Arganda-Carreras">Ignacio Arganda-Carreras</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>UMR1318 French National Institute for Agricultural Research-AgroParisTech, French National Institute for Agricultural Research Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin</institution><country>Versailles, France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turaga, Srinivas C" sort="Turaga, Srinivas C" uniqKey="Turaga S" first="Srinivas C." last="Turaga">Srinivas C. Turaga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus</institution><country>Ashburn, VA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Daniel R" sort="Berger, Daniel R" uniqKey="Berger D" first="Daniel R." last="Berger">Daniel R. Berger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Center for Brain Science, Harvard University</institution><country>Cambridge, MA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cire An, Dan" sort="Cire An, Dan" uniqKey="Cire An D" first="Dan" last="Cire An">Dan Cire An</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Swiss AI Lab IDSIA (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence) Universitá Della Svizzera Italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana</institution><country>Lugano, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giusti, Alessandro" sort="Giusti, Alessandro" uniqKey="Giusti A" first="Alessandro" last="Giusti">Alessandro Giusti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Swiss AI Lab IDSIA (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence) Universitá Della Svizzera Italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana</institution><country>Lugano, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gambardella, Luca M" sort="Gambardella, Luca M" uniqKey="Gambardella L" first="Luca M." last="Gambardella">Luca M. Gambardella</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Swiss AI Lab IDSIA (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence) Universitá Della Svizzera Italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana</institution><country>Lugano, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidhuber, Jurgen" sort="Schmidhuber, Jurgen" uniqKey="Schmidhuber J" first="Jürgen" last="Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Swiss AI Lab IDSIA (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence) Universitá Della Svizzera Italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana</institution><country>Lugano, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laptev, Dmitry" sort="Laptev, Dmitry" uniqKey="Laptev D" first="Dmitry" last="Laptev">Dmitry Laptev</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich</institution><country>Zurich, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dwivedi, Sarvesh" sort="Dwivedi, Sarvesh" uniqKey="Dwivedi S" first="Sarvesh" last="Dwivedi">Sarvesh Dwivedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich</institution><country>Zurich, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buhmann, Joachim M" sort="Buhmann, Joachim M" uniqKey="Buhmann J" first="Joachim M." last="Buhmann">Joachim M. Buhmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich</institution><country>Zurich, Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Ting" sort="Liu, Ting" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Ting" last="Liu">Ting Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah</institution><country>Salt Lake City, UT, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seyedhosseini, Mojtaba" sort="Seyedhosseini, Mojtaba" uniqKey="Seyedhosseini M" first="Mojtaba" last="Seyedhosseini">Mojtaba Seyedhosseini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah</institution><country>Salt Lake City, UT, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tasdizen, Tolga" sort="Tasdizen, Tolga" uniqKey="Tasdizen T" first="Tolga" last="Tasdizen">Tolga Tasdizen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah</institution><country>Salt Lake City, UT, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamentsky, Lee" sort="Kamentsky, Lee" uniqKey="Kamentsky L" first="Lee" last="Kamentsky">Lee Kamentsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Imaging Platform, Broad Institute</institution><country>Cambridge, MA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burget, Radim" sort="Burget, Radim" uniqKey="Burget R" first="Radim" last="Burget">Radim Burget</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology</institution><country>Brno, Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uher, Vaclav" sort="Uher, Vaclav" uniqKey="Uher V" first="Vaclav" last="Uher">Vaclav Uher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology</institution><country>Brno, Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Xiao" sort="Tan, Xiao" uniqKey="Tan X" first="Xiao" last="Tan">Xiao Tan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Changming" sort="Sun, Changming" uniqKey="Sun C" first="Changming" last="Sun">Changming Sun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Digital Productivity Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</institution><country>North Ryde, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pham, Tuan D" sort="Pham, Tuan D" uniqKey="Pham T" first="Tuan D." last="Pham">Tuan D. Pham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Institute of Technology, Linkoping University</institution><country>Linkoping, Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bas, Erhan" sort="Bas, Erhan" uniqKey="Bas E" first="Erhan" last="Bas">Erhan Bas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus</institution><country>Ashburn, VA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" sort="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" uniqKey="Uzunbas M" first="Mustafa G." last="Uzunbas">Mustafa G. Uzunbas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution>Computer Science Department, Rutgers University</institution><country>New Brunswick, NJ, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardona, Albert" sort="Cardona, Albert" uniqKey="Cardona A" first="Albert" last="Cardona">Albert Cardona</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus</institution><country>Ashburn, VA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schindelin, Johannes" sort="Schindelin, Johannes" uniqKey="Schindelin J" first="Johannes" last="Schindelin">Johannes Schindelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison</institution><country>Madison, WI, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seung, H Sebastian" sort="Seung, H Sebastian" uniqKey="Seung H" first="H. Sebastian" last="Seung">H. Sebastian Seung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Computer Science Department, Princeton University</institution><country>Princeton, NJ, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bethesda</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</title><idno type="eISSN">1662-5129</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>To stimulate progress in automating the reconstruction of neural circuits, we organized the first international challenge on 2D segmentation of electron microscopic (EM) images of the brain. Participants submitted boundary maps predicted for a test set of images, and were scored based on their agreement with a consensus of human expert annotations. The winning team had no prior experience with EM images, and employed a convolutional network. This “deep learning” approach has since become accepted as a standard for segmentation of EM images. The challenge has continued to accept submissions, and the best so far has resulted from cooperation between two teams. The challenge has probably saturated, as algorithms cannot progress beyond limits set by ambiguities inherent in 2D scoring and the size of the test dataset. Retrospective evaluation of the challenge scoring system reveals that it was not sufficiently robust to variations in the widths of neurite borders. 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Brenner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Arganda Carreras, Ignacio" sort="Arganda Carreras, Ignacio" uniqKey="Arganda Carreras I" first="Ignacio" last="Arganda-Carreras">Ignacio Arganda-Carreras</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Turaga, Srinivas C" sort="Turaga, Srinivas C" uniqKey="Turaga S" first="Srinivas C." last="Turaga">Srinivas C. Turaga</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bas, Erhan" sort="Bas, Erhan" uniqKey="Bas E" first="Erhan" last="Bas">Erhan Bas</name><name sortKey="Berger, Daniel R" sort="Berger, Daniel R" uniqKey="Berger D" first="Daniel R." last="Berger">Daniel R. Berger</name><name sortKey="Cardona, Albert" sort="Cardona, Albert" uniqKey="Cardona A" first="Albert" last="Cardona">Albert Cardona</name><name sortKey="Kamentsky, Lee" sort="Kamentsky, Lee" uniqKey="Kamentsky L" first="Lee" last="Kamentsky">Lee Kamentsky</name><name sortKey="Liu, Ting" sort="Liu, Ting" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Ting" last="Liu">Ting Liu</name><name sortKey="Schindelin, Johannes" sort="Schindelin, Johannes" uniqKey="Schindelin J" first="Johannes" last="Schindelin">Johannes Schindelin</name><name sortKey="Seung, H Sebastian" sort="Seung, H Sebastian" uniqKey="Seung H" first="H. Sebastian" last="Seung">H. Sebastian Seung</name><name sortKey="Seyedhosseini, Mojtaba" sort="Seyedhosseini, Mojtaba" uniqKey="Seyedhosseini M" first="Mojtaba" last="Seyedhosseini">Mojtaba Seyedhosseini</name><name sortKey="Tasdizen, Tolga" sort="Tasdizen, Tolga" uniqKey="Tasdizen T" first="Tolga" last="Tasdizen">Tolga Tasdizen</name><name sortKey="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" sort="Uzunbas, Mustafa G" uniqKey="Uzunbas M" first="Mustafa G." last="Uzunbas">Mustafa G. Uzunbas</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cire An, Dan" sort="Cire An, Dan" uniqKey="Cire An D" first="Dan" last="Cire An">Dan Cire An</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Buhmann, Joachim M" sort="Buhmann, Joachim M" uniqKey="Buhmann J" first="Joachim M." last="Buhmann">Joachim M. Buhmann</name><name sortKey="Dwivedi, Sarvesh" sort="Dwivedi, Sarvesh" uniqKey="Dwivedi S" first="Sarvesh" last="Dwivedi">Sarvesh Dwivedi</name><name sortKey="Gambardella, Luca M" sort="Gambardella, Luca M" uniqKey="Gambardella L" first="Luca M." last="Gambardella">Luca M. Gambardella</name><name sortKey="Giusti, Alessandro" sort="Giusti, Alessandro" uniqKey="Giusti A" first="Alessandro" last="Giusti">Alessandro Giusti</name><name sortKey="Laptev, Dmitry" sort="Laptev, Dmitry" uniqKey="Laptev D" first="Dmitry" last="Laptev">Dmitry Laptev</name><name sortKey="Schmidhuber, Jurgen" sort="Schmidhuber, Jurgen" uniqKey="Schmidhuber J" first="Jürgen" last="Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Burget, Radim" sort="Burget, Radim" uniqKey="Burget R" first="Radim" last="Burget">Radim Burget</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Uher, Vaclav" sort="Uher, Vaclav" uniqKey="Uher V" first="Vaclav" last="Uher">Vaclav Uher</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tan, Xiao" sort="Tan, Xiao" uniqKey="Tan X" first="Xiao" last="Tan">Xiao Tan</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Sun, Changming" sort="Sun, Changming" uniqKey="Sun C" first="Changming" last="Sun">Changming Sun</name></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pham, Tuan D" sort="Pham, Tuan D" uniqKey="Pham T" first="Tuan D." last="Pham">Tuan D. 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